rongyuan_123 发表于 2010-8-1 15:56:39

如何认定企业规章制度的法律效力

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:44.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 44.75pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体"><span style="mso-list:ignore">一、<span style="font:7pt 'times new roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">规章制度是用人单位的</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">自留地</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">——用人单位种好</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">一亩三分地</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">意义重大</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"> <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">对于企业老说,规章制度非常重要。《劳动合同法》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">4</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">条规定:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">用人单位应当依法建立和完善规章制度,保障劳动者享有劳动权利和履行劳动义务</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">。可见,对于用人单位来说,建立和完善规章制度既是权利又是义务,不但需要有规章制度,而且需要完善规章制度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">显然,完善的规章制度可以大大扩展企业的权利。但是,如果规章制度不完善,则应当按照对员工有利的方向解释。比如,单位规章制度中规定:如果员工在禁烟区吸烟,单位有权警告、记过直到解除劳动合同。而这样的规定,在处罚方式上是个选择题,明显不确定。在这种情况下,就应以对员工有利的原则为出发点,从轻发落。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:44.75pt;text-indent:-24.75pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 44.75pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体"><span style="mso-list:ignore">二、<span style="font:7pt 'times new roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">规章制度如何获得法律效力</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"> <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">既然规章制度意义重大,那么如何制定一套具备法律效力的规章制度呢?</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">总体来说,规章制度具有法律效力,应当具有三个条件:第一、规章制度的内容须具合法性;第二、制定和通过要经过民主程序;第三、要向劳动者公示。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:56pt;text-indent:-36pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 56.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体"><span style="mso-list:ignore">(一)<span style="font:7pt 'times new roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">规章制度的内容须具合法性</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"> <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">内容合法就是指用人单位的规章制度其内容符合《劳动法》、《劳动合同法》及相关的法律法规,不能与法律法规相抵触,相抵触的部分是无效的。《劳动合同法》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">4</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">条规定企业的规章制度要依法制定,《劳动部关于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">&lt;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">劳动法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">&gt;</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">若干条文的说明》指出《劳动法》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">4</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">条规定的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">依法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">是指依据所有的法律、法规、规章,包括宪法、法律、行政法规、地方法规、行政规章。依法制定规章制度,是保证其内容合法的基础。法律有明文规定的,用人单位可以依据法律的规定,制定出符合本企业实际情况的细化、具体的规章制度,对于没有相关法律规定以及法律没有禁止性规定的,用人单位可以依据劳动法律立法的基本精神以及公平合理原则出台相应的规章制度。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">合法性原则作为认定企业规章制度效力的标准毫无争议,但问题是实践中出现的一些案件。例如:制度中规定:二次迟到单位就可以解除劳动合同。对于该规定,一种意见是,这样的规定就此新交通状况而言,过于苛刻,缺乏合理性;另一种意见是:如果这个员工是流水线上的关键岗位,他的迟到就会造成停产,很严重,这样解除合同不为过。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20.1pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20.1pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">我们可以先看这样两个案例:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"> <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">某企业规定,吸烟就可以解除劳动合同。大多数人可能会觉得吸烟就是普通的小错误,不至于解除劳动合同。倘若是一家生产烟花爆竹企业的职工,在单位车间的吸烟行为就是极其危险的,在规章制度中或合同中将吸烟的行为作为解除的条件是很有必要的,也是很合理的;然而,如果是一家公司行政类的员工,那么吸烟行为就是一般的违纪行为,若企业将该行为作为解除条件,是存在很大不合理性的。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">还有一企业规定,拿单位一张纸就解除劳动合同。普通情况下,员工拿公司一张纸或许无足轻重,大家也不会在意,企业若是将拿纸行为规定为解除合同条件之一,也势必会招来很大反对。但这个厂家是印钞厂,而劳动者是印钞单位的一名员工,那么这张纸就不再是一张普通的纸,当然单位在规章制度中将其作为解除条件之一也是合理的,是可以被接受的。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">通过上述两个实践案例的分析,不难看出在审视企业规章制度合法性的同时,还必须注意企业规章制度的合理性问题。但是究竟什么样的规章制度是合理的,衡量这个合理性的标准是什么?在实践中,如何把握这个尺度确实很难,法院务必慎用合理性判断。因为用人单位各行各业千差万别,什么是合理,什么是公平很难界定,尽量不要去评判合理性问题。个案中,具体情况应许具体分析,遇到个别极端的案件应须灵活掌握。通常在一个合理的范围内,法院还是尊重企业规章制度对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">合理性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">"</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">的界定的。最高人民法院《关于审理劳动争议案件若干司法解释》第十九条亦规定,用人单位依法制定的规章制度,经过民主程序,不违反国家的法律、法规及相关政策的,并且向劳动者公示的,可作为人民法院审理案件的依据。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:56pt;text-indent:-36pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 56.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体"><span style="mso-list:ignore">(二)<span style="font:7pt 'times new roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">规章制度制定和通过要经过民主程序</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"> <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">首先,涉及到规章制度的范围。什么样的规章算是规章制度,规章制度是个含义很广泛的概念,在不同的语境下,都有不同的意义。但在劳动法律的语言环境下,则是一个专门的劳动法律术语,亦称劳动规章、工作规则、劳动规则等,是指用人单位为了有效的组织生产经营活动,激励员工工作而规定的员工应当享有的权利以及应当遵守的各项义务以及违反义务时的处罚措施。它的内容可以包括劳动合同管理、工资工时制度、奖惩制度等。因此,对规章制度应当做广义的理解,凡是涉及到劳动者切身利益的规章制度都要走民主程序,包括但不限于如何发红包的政策。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">其次,民主程序对规章效力的影响应以劳动合同法实施时间为准,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">2008</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">1</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">1</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">日以前制定的规章制度只要内容合法且经过公示程序,即是缺少制定阶段的民主程序也可以作为用人单位管理、处分劳动者的依据。而在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">2008</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">1</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt">1</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">日以后制定的规章制度,只要缺少制定阶段的民主程序,一般就认定无效,不能作为用人单位管理、处分劳动者的依据。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">最后,所谓的民主程序,第一步是讨论程序,与全体职工或职工代表讨论,全体职工或职工代表可提出意见和方案;第二步是协商确定程序,用人单位与职工或公会协商确定。最终的决定权还是在用人单位手中。</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> <span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:56pt;text-indent:-36pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list 56.0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体"><span style="mso-list:ignore">(三)<span style="font:7pt 'times new roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">公示</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"> <p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p>&nbsp;</p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:20pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:'times new roman';mso-hansi-font-family:'times new roman'">如何公示、公示的方式及形式,法律上均无明文规定。实践中可以通过组织学习、培训、考试、制作员工手册的方式告知劳动者。无论采取何种方式,对用人单位最安全的方法却是让员工签字确认已全部知悉该规章制度并同意遵守。相对而言,网上告知和板报的方式存在风险,如果员工否认的话,单位很难举证。同时,也不宜采用劳动合同附件的形式送达,原因有二,第一,将来很难修改;第二,如修改,存在新旧版本冲突,劳动者有权选择在劳动合同中约定的、对其有利的版本。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt"><p></p></span></p>

wangshuping 发表于 2010-9-1 14:33:40

学习中
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 如何认定企业规章制度的法律效力